Background & Aim: The use of panoramic radiograph is increasing, due to its numerous advantages. Radiographic films used in these techniques are of Double emulsion kind which is used with intensifying screens. Single emulsion or Video films can also be used for this purpose. The aim of this investigation was to determine the exposure parameters to achieve an appropriate optical density in these two types of film, and also to evaluate the radiation doses under such parameters.Material & Method: This study was performed through a tissue equivalent phantom (RANDO phantom). First, with various tube voltages (KVp) and tube currents (mA). A total of 128 radiographs were taken from the phantom with these two types of film. The exposure parameters were determined under which both films showed the same density after examining the optical densities. Then, phantom was again exposed to the radiation and the absorbed doses were measured, using TLDs.Result: It was demonstrated That:1. SE films, require two times radiation in comparison to the Double emulsion film in order to provide appropriate optical density,.2. Using SE films increases absorbing dose, of MBM up to 2-2.5 times, thyroid gland to 1.7-2 times and parotid gland dose up to 1.3 times, in comparison to the DE films.3. In DE films, under lower exposure parameters and desirable processing, absorbing dose of the MBM will increase to 3.5 times, thyroid gland to 1.5 times and parotid gland to 2.5 times normal dose.Conclusion: Considering the increased risk of radiation induced cancers following the repeated radiations, the use of SE film should strongly be avoided.

The use of panoramic radiography, due to its numerous advantages, is increasing. Radiographic films used in this technique are of Double emulsion (DE) type which are used with intensifying screens. Single emulsion (SE) films can also be used. The purpose of this study was to determine the exposure parameters to achieve an appropriate optical density in these two types of films, and to estimate under such parameters, radiation doses to mandibular bone marrow (MBM), thyroid gland and parotid gland. This study was performed through a tissue equivalent phantom. First, with various tube voltage and tube current, 128 radiographs were taken of phantom with these two types of films. After examining the optical densities, the exposure parameters under which both films have the same density, were determined. Then, phantom again was exposed and MBM, thyroid gland and parotid gland absorbed doses were measured, using TLDs. It was demonstrated that: 1) SE films, in order to provide appropriate optical density, require two times radiation in comparison with Double emulsion film; 2) using SE films increases MBM dose, up to 2-2.5 times, thyroid gland dose up to 1.7-2 times and parotid gland dose up to 1.3 times, in comparison with DE films; 3) in DE films, under lower exposure parameters and desirable processing, MBM dose up to 3.5 times, thyroid gland dose up to 1.5 times and parotid gland dose up to 2.5 times will increase. Considering that the risk of radiation induced cancers increases with repeated radiation doses, using SE films is not recommended.

In this work PLGA copolymers with different high molecular weight and up to 95 per cent efficiency are economically synthesised using a novel ring opening as the heart of process and then with micro Double emulsion technique in which nanoparticles size are below 60 nanometer is obtained. Conditions under that we were successful to such synthesis are discussed later. At first, characterisation tests are accomplished for all polymers/copolymers to choice the best sample to be thermo-stable enough and also have more stability in the human body and with higher molecular weight. Double micro emulsion method with very polar solvent propylene carbonate and a co-solvent PVA and DMAB as the main surfactant are used to produce nanoparticles. Some critical parameters like homogeniser speed and ultrasonic device to look into nanoparticles size, as well as surfactant type are explored whilst homogeniser worked from 5000 to 30000 rpm, surfactant was DMAB and ultrasound worked with  8 min at 75% amplitude sonicator. It is found that copolymer concentration and surfactant type affected sharply on the nanoparticles size. Meanwhile, show that ultrasound operation is not suitable to give fine nanoparticles, likely, due to high momently temperature rise in/around/surface the emulsion. For this reason a powerful homogeniser is employed so that very fine nanoparticles are reached under low temperature. Characterisation tests such as DLS and SEM verify fine size and show a vast particle size distribution with an average 40-60 nanometer particles which is very valuable through others work because of its fine particle size. Former works have been reported large PLGA nanoparticles (up to 150 nm), perhaps to, usage of low molecular weight polymer/copolymer or sonication condition. As another novelty is that we did not buy PLGA form any company but we synthesise/purify high molecular weight (above 1000000) type of copolymers according to 10 year of our experience in this field. This was the key of our success. Our next work would be focus on the drug delivery system with PLGA nano carrier and smart nanoparticles that would be reported later.

One small-scale Double emulsion technique for incorporation of Naja- Naja oxiana venom into Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres were developed and optimized. The effects of high speed homogenization on the Double emulsion stability, microsphere size, entrapment efficiency and In vitro release of venom were studied. A stable Double emulsion was verified by homogenization method. Slow removal of the organic phase allowed measurement of the size of the emulsion droplets and subsequent predication of the size which resulting microspheres. Microspheres in the size range of 1-10 mm were prepared using homogenization technique, but this technique was sensitive to changes in the operating time, speed and volume of outer aqueous phase. Snake venom was released in vitro in a triphasic manner. After immunization of guinea–pig with a single IM injection, the PLGA-venom microspheres elicited an antibody response very high as that elicited with conventional method. These results indicate that the antigenicity of venom was retained after incorporation into PLGA microspheres using homogenization technique.

Microparticulate form of biodegradable polymers containing drugs is a promising approach toward new controlled release drug delivery systems, and a perfect alternative for daily painful injection of protein drugs. One major challenge in developing such systems is increasing efficiency of fabrication processes and retaining stability and effectiveness of encapsulated proteins and drugs. In this study capabilities of Double emulsion (W/O/W)- solvent evaporation method for encapsulation of attenuated avian influenza virus (H9N2) in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) 50:50 were investigated and, the protein in vitro release profiles were determined. Some basic salts such as MgCo3 co-encapsulated with protein were used to increase stability and release of the protein. Additives such as NaCl and urea were added to second water phase to ensure and increase loading of the protein. The microspheres were all spherical with almost smooth surface and some small pores. Release profiles reveal that MgCo3 increased the amount of released protein but did not have a significant effect on release rate.

Microparticulate form of biodegradable polymers containing drugs is a promising approach toward new controlled release drug delivery systems, and a perfect alternative for daily painful injection of protein drugs. One major challenge in developing such systems is increasing efficiency of fabrication processes and retaining stability and effectiveness of encapsulated proteins and drugs. In this study capabilities of Double emulsion (W/O/W)-solvent evaporation method for encapsulation of attenuated avian influenza virus (H9N2) in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) 50:50 were investigated and, the protein in vitro release profiles were determined. Some basic salts such as MgCO3 co-encapsulated with protein were used to increase stability and release of the protein. Additives such as NaCL and urea were added to second water phase to ensure and increase loading of the protein. The microspheres were all spherical with almost smooth surface and some small pores. Release profiles reveal that MgCO3 increased the amount of released protein but did not have a significant effect on release rate.

Background and Objectives: Brucellae are gram-negative intracellular pathogens which cause zoonotic disease in humans. Clinical manifestations of brucellosis in human are variable and often are non-specific, and the diagnosis requires fast and accurate confirmation. Since the use of serum instead of whole-blood samples offers several advantages for nucleic acid amplification methods, in this study we developed an improved PCR assay for the rapid and specific laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis directly from serum specimens.Material and Methods: DNA was extracted from 100 µL of serum from 30 patients with acute serologic brucellosis. The PCR reaction was carried out with Specific primers. Second PCR reaction for reamplification of the first reaction products was designed.Results: a 223 bp conserved region on the sequence encoding the 31-KDa immunogenic outer membrane protein which is specific to the genus Brucella (BCSP31) and present in all its biovars was amplified in all serum samples.Conclusion: For confirmation and efficient amplification of the specific target, reamplification of the first PCR products had a sharper banding patterns with high sensitivity and specificity that might be considered as a new useful method for diagnosis of human brucellosis in serum specimens.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In infertility without suffering tubal factor, IUI is the choice therapeutic method. Some studies recommended Double IUI for every cycle. Since Double IUI needs more laboratory materials and more expenses, so in this study it was tried to evaluate pregnancy rate in infertile couples after single and Double IUI.METHODS: This clinical trial study was performed on infertile couples referred to Fatemeh Alzahra or Babol Clinic hospital for IUI cycles. Patients divided into two groups. In the first group, 36 hours after HCG injection, IUI was done as a single protocol and in the other group; IUI was done 24 & 72 hours after HCG injection as Double protocol. Then data were analyzed by fishers exact test.FINDINGS: Two hundred and fifteen women participated in our study and their mean age was 26.02±5.5 and the mean (±SD) duration of infertility was 3.73 (±2.75) years. In the first group, pregnancy rate was 16.9% and in second group it was 19.6% without any significant difference between two groups. Also, there was no significant difference between groups in pregnancy rate with different etiology of infertility.CONCLUSION: Some studies recommended that Double IUI is more successful than single IUI But present findings suggest that there is no difference in pregnancy rate between single IUI and Double IUI.

As a typical microdroplet, Double emulsion droplet, has received much attention and been widely used in recent years. For a simplified Double-cross-shaped microchannel, the process of preparing Double emulsion droplets is numerically simulated in this paper. The mechanism of droplet forming was analyzed, and the effects of the angles of the inner-, middle-, and outer-phase channels of the microchip, length of the focusing hole, and expansion angle on the process and quality of the Double emulsion droplet formation were investigated. The variation in angles between each inlet channel affects the droplet area, the change in expansion angle affects the flow pattern of droplets, the change in each geometric parameter affects the monodispersity of droplets. The droplet area is fitted to the microchannel geometric parameters and the functional expressions that represent their relationship are derived. The work in this paper provides a reference for the practical production and research of Double emulsion droplets.